What effect does frost have on an airplane's lifting surfaces during takeoff?

Frost on an airplane's lifting surfaces can significantly impact its performance during takeoff by disrupting the smooth airflow over those surfaces. When ice or frost forms on wings, it alters the shape and surface conditions that are critical for effective lift generation.

In terms of aerodynamics, frost can decrease the lift when the aircraft is at normal takeoff speed because it changes the wing's characteristics, leading to increased drag and potentially stall conditions at lower speeds. This means that the aircraft may not achieve the necessary lift to become airborne, even at its standard takeoff speed. Consequently, pilots may need to either increase their takeoff speed or defer the flight until the frost is cleared to ensure safe operation.

The other options do not accurately describe the impact of frost. It does not help with takeoff, nor does it allow for a higher takeoff speed or increase the angle of attack without risking increased stall potential. Understanding the effects of frost is critical for pilots to ensure safe and effective takeoff procedures in cold weather conditions.